Petrobras 2018 — Questão 20 · Língua Inglesa - Compreensão e Interpretação de Texto

Text II

Brazil joins IEA as an Association country,

reshaping international energy governance

BRASILIA – The International Energy Agency

and Brazil jointly announced today that the country

joined the IEA as an Association country, opening

new avenues for cooperation towards a more secure

5 and sustainable energy future with Latin America’s

largest country.

“With today’s announcement of IEA Association,

we are taking another important step to place Brazil

at the centre of global debate on key energy policy

10 issues including renewable energy, energy efficiency,

rational use of fossil fuels, energy security and

sustainable development,” said Fernando Coelho

Filho, Minister of Mines and Energy

Brazil’s leading expertise in bioenergy, hydro

15 and other forms of clean and conventional energy

is recognized around the world, and provides an

excellent basis to develop solutions for global energy

challenges. The country’s experience in managing

renewable resources in its energy mix can contribute

20 greatly to IEA discussions on a broadened concept

of energy security. Brazil has also pioneered the use

of auctions for long-term contracts for renewable

energy, a model that is now successfully applied as

best-practice world-wide.

25 __ Brazil and the IEA plan to work jointly across a

wide range of energy-related activities. These include

implemention of The Biofuture Platform, which aims

to promote international coordination on advanced

low carbon fuels. The IEA will also support the

30 development of Brazil’s ten-year energy efficiency

plan and co-host an energy efficiency training event

in Brazil to share regional and global experiences.

“Brazil’s experience shows that policies do

matter,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive

35 Director. “Its determined and ambitious long-term

energy policies, developing deep-water oil resources

and expanding biofuels output, set an example to

countries around the world. As a result, our latest data

shows that Brazil will become a net oil exporter this

40 year, the first major consumer in recent history to ever

achieve such a turnaround.”

Dr Birol also congratulated Brazil for its recent

successful deepwater bid round. After depending on

oil imports since IEA records began in the 1970s, the

45 IEA now finds that Brazil will become a net exporter

this year, and exporting nearly one million barrels

of oil per day to world markets by 2022. This is the

result of a 50% increase in oil production in the past

decade thanks to a successful push into deep-water

50 production, and a biofuels programme that has helped

keep domestic oil-demand growth under control.

With Brazil, the IEA family now accounts for

over 70% of the world’s total energy consumption,

compared with less than 40% just two years ago. The

55 seven IEA Association countries are Brazil, China,

India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore and Thailand.

The agreement will allow the IEA to benefit from

Brazil’s unique experience, which has enabled it to

develop one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world.

60 Thanks to its expertise in global energy market and

policy analysis, the IEA can support Brazil’s efforts

and collaborate in its energy transition.

Available at: < https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/brazil-joins-iea-as-an-association-country-reshaping-international-energy-govern.html >. Retrieved on: 31 Oct. 2017. Adapted.

Text I

A world in transformation:

World Energy Outlook 2017

The resurgence in oil and gas production from the

United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables

and growing electrification are changing the face of

the global energy system and upending traditional

5 ways of meeting energy demand, according to the

World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more

diversified energy mix in China is another major driver

of this transformation.

Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing

10 energy needs are met first by renewables and natural

gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the

cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global

energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still

half as much as it would have been without efficiency

15 improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in

the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization

and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows

down but is not reversed before 2040 even as

electric-car sales rise steeply.

20 __ WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency

(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next

two decades the global energy system is being

reshaped by four major forces: the United States

is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas

25 leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks

to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy

mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy

takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications

for global energy markets.

30 __ Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed

by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the

European Union, wind becomes the leading source of

electricity soon after 2030.

“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets

35 as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity

generation in many places, including China and

India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.

“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result

of government support and declining battery costs but

40 it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth

for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation

keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes

the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for

decades, which represents a major upheaval for

45 international market dynamics.”

These themes — as well as the future role of

oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy

technologies are deploying, and the need for more

investment in CCUS — were among the key topics

50 discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s

2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.

This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on

China, where economic and energy policy changes

underway will have a profound impact on the

55 country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global

trends. A new phase in the country’s development

results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy

industry and coal.

At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner

60 energy technologies, in large part to address poor air

quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world

leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and

the source of more than a quarter of projected growth

in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in

65 China slows, other countries continue to push overall

global demand higher – with India accounting for

almost one-third of global growth to 2040.

The shale oil and gas revolution in the United

States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of

70 producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective

way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected

to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net

oil exporter by the end of that decade.

This is having a major impact on oil and gas

75 markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and

provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,

with consumers in Asia accounting for more than

70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG

from the United States is also accelerating a major

80 structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized

gas market.

WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the

obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to

2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while

85 fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in

oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of

the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely

petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive

up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040.

90 __ While carbon emissions have flattened in recent

years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2

emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower

pace than in last year’s projections. Still, this is far from

enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.

Available at: < https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energy-outlook-2017.html >. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted._

Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that